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Send all questions to: info@lifestarusa.com
Call toll-free at 1-888-528-1168
1. What are Mitochondria?
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They are subcellular organelles which use
fuels (sugars, protein and fats) to produce energy (ATP). 95% of cell energy is from
mitochondria. Mitochondrial decay and dysfunction lead to human aging and degeneration.
2. Why Need Antioxidants?
Oxygen is one of the most critical elements for life. However, oxidants are formed during
oxygen metabolism in mitochondria. Oxidants attack mitochondria and other cellular
organelles, leading to aging and diseases. That is why the thing we meed most to live-
oxygen- is also what is killing us. Antioxidants can scavenge oxidants and protect cells from
oxidative damage, thus delay aging and prevent diseases.
3. What is Blood-Brain Barrier?
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a specialized system of capillary endothelial cells that
protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream. Certain substances including
nutritions and drugs circulating in the blood are able to get into the brain and others do not.
4. What is Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the brain from which there is no
recovery. The disease attacks nerve cells in all parts of the cortex of the brain which
governsemotions, recognize errors and patterns, coordinate movement, and remember. Early
symptoms may be overlooked as natural aging. As time progresses, symptoms inevitably
worsen. At the last, an afflicted person loses all memory and mental functioning.
5. What is Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive disorder that affects movement, muscle
control, and balance. Although it is clear that dopamine deficiency is the primary defect in
Parkinson's disease, it is not clear what causes dopamine loss. Mitochondria complex I
dysfunction is one of the reasons.
6. What is Dementia?
Significant loss of intellectual abilities such as memory capacity, severe enough to interfere
with social or occupational functioning. Criteria for the diagnosis of dementia include
impairment of attention, orientation, memory, judgment, language, motor and spatial skills. By
definition, dementia is not due to major depression or psychosis. Alzheimer's disease is the
most common cause of dementia. Other causes include but are not limited to: AIDS,
alcoholism, insufficient blood flow to the brain (vascular dementia), brain injury, brain tumors,
drug toxicity, multiple sclerosis, and infections of the central nervous system.
7. What is a Coenzyme?
A molecule that binds to an enzyme and is essential for its activity, but is not permanently
altered by the reaction. Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.
8. What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate. An important compound for the storage of energy in cells, as well as
the synthesis (formation) of nucleic acids.
9. What is Metabolism?
Physical and chemical processes within the body involving energy production and utilization.
10. What are Neurodegenerative Diseases?
Progressive diseases of nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,
that are characterized by the loss or degeneration of neurons.
11. What is a Neurotransmitter?
A chemical that is released from a nerve cell, which transmits an impulse from that nerve cell
to another nerve cell, or to another organ (a muscle, for example). Neurotransmitters are
chemical messengers that transmit neurological information from one cell to another.
12. What is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Oxidants?
Highly reactive chemicals, containing oxygen, that react easily with other molecules, resulting
in potentially damaging modifications. They are also called oxidants.
13. What is a Receptor?
A protein on or protruding from the cell surface to which select chemicals can bind. Binding
of a specific molecule (ligand) may result in a cellular signal, or the internalization of the
receptor and the ligand.
14. What is a Redox Reaction?
Another term for an oxidation-reduction reaction. A redox reaction is any reaction in which
electrons are removed from one molecule or atom and transferred to another molecule or
atom. In such a reaction one substance is oxidized (loses electrons) while the other is reduced
(gains electrons).
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They are subcellular organelles which use
fuels (sugars, protein and fats) to produce energy (ATP). 95% of cell energy is from
mitochondria. Mitochondrial decay and dysfunction lead to human aging and degeneration.
2. Why Need Antioxidants?
Oxygen is one of the most critical elements for life. However, oxidants are formed during
oxygen metabolism in mitochondria. Oxidants attack mitochondria and other cellular
organelles, leading to aging and diseases. That is why the thing we meed most to live-
oxygen- is also what is killing us. Antioxidants can scavenge oxidants and protect cells from
oxidative damage, thus delay aging and prevent diseases.
3. What is Blood-Brain Barrier?
The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a specialized system of capillary endothelial cells that
protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream. Certain substances including
nutritions and drugs circulating in the blood are able to get into the brain and others do not.
4. What is Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the brain from which there is no
recovery. The disease attacks nerve cells in all parts of the cortex of the brain which
governsemotions, recognize errors and patterns, coordinate movement, and remember. Early
symptoms may be overlooked as natural aging. As time progresses, symptoms inevitably
worsen. At the last, an afflicted person loses all memory and mental functioning.
5. What is Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive disorder that affects movement, muscle
control, and balance. Although it is clear that dopamine deficiency is the primary defect in
Parkinson's disease, it is not clear what causes dopamine loss. Mitochondria complex I
dysfunction is one of the reasons.
6. What is Dementia?
Significant loss of intellectual abilities such as memory capacity, severe enough to interfere
with social or occupational functioning. Criteria for the diagnosis of dementia include
impairment of attention, orientation, memory, judgment, language, motor and spatial skills. By
definition, dementia is not due to major depression or psychosis. Alzheimer's disease is the
most common cause of dementia. Other causes include but are not limited to: AIDS,
alcoholism, insufficient blood flow to the brain (vascular dementia), brain injury, brain tumors,
drug toxicity, multiple sclerosis, and infections of the central nervous system.
7. What is a Coenzyme?
A molecule that binds to an enzyme and is essential for its activity, but is not permanently
altered by the reaction. Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins.
8. What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate. An important compound for the storage of energy in cells, as well as
the synthesis (formation) of nucleic acids.
9. What is Metabolism?
Physical and chemical processes within the body involving energy production and utilization.
10. What are Neurodegenerative Diseases?
Progressive diseases of nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease,
that are characterized by the loss or degeneration of neurons.
11. What is a Neurotransmitter?
A chemical that is released from a nerve cell, which transmits an impulse from that nerve cell
to another nerve cell, or to another organ (a muscle, for example). Neurotransmitters are
chemical messengers that transmit neurological information from one cell to another.
12. What is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Oxidants?
Highly reactive chemicals, containing oxygen, that react easily with other molecules, resulting
in potentially damaging modifications. They are also called oxidants.
13. What is a Receptor?
A protein on or protruding from the cell surface to which select chemicals can bind. Binding
of a specific molecule (ligand) may result in a cellular signal, or the internalization of the
receptor and the ligand.
14. What is a Redox Reaction?
Another term for an oxidation-reduction reaction. A redox reaction is any reaction in which
electrons are removed from one molecule or atom and transferred to another molecule or
atom. In such a reaction one substance is oxidized (loses electrons) while the other is reduced
(gains electrons).
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